Ernst Rüdin and his eugenics ideas spawned sterilization and euthanasia, leading to 400,000 people being forcibly sterilized and 300,000 “mental patients” murdered. It started with population “screening,” the legacy of which still harms schoolchildren in the U.S. today.

By Jan Eastgate
President, CCHR International
February 28, 2023

Nazi psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin, the mastermind of Adolf Hitler’s racial hygiene policy during WWII, was responsible for the forced sterilization of 400,000 people before and during the Holocaust. More than 6,000 died because of this procedure. The German psychiatric association did not admit to and apologize for this until 70 years after Rüdin’s advocacy of racial purity led to the murder of millions of so-called “genetic defectives,” Jews and anyone else Hitler didn’t like.[1] This included the killing of more than 300,000 “mental patients.”[2] Despite his diabolical role in the Holocaust, Rüdin was never brought to justice and died in 1952. Indeed, his only “punishment” was a paltry 500 Deutschmark fine—about $200 or the equivalent of 0.03 cents for each patient who died from sterilization alone.[3]  

However, on January 31, 2023, at the United Nations headquarters in New York, there was some vindication for the psychiatrist’s victims when the judges in a mock trial into Rüdin’s crimes found him guilty of:

• Incitement to crimes against humanity of murder;
• Extermination, torture, and persecution;
• Incitement as well as directly causing the crime of inhumanity of sterilization;
• Membership in a criminal organization.[4]

These were prestigious members of the judiciary: Judge Elyakim Rüdinstein, former Vice President of the Supreme Court of Israel; Judge Anglika Nussberger, former Vice President of the European Court of Human Rights and Judge Silvia Fernandez, former President of the International Criminal Court at the Haag.

Dr. Avi Omer, an Israel attorney who originated and produced the mock trial, said the Rüdin “case is amazing: he claimed he had only ever acted as an academic, even though his research, from the beginning, involved the killing of children.”[5]

Omer, along with a team of international legal experts held an original mock trial in Israel in 2019—which also concluded that Rüdin was guilty and should have been prosecuted in the Nuremberg Nazi criminal trials in 1946. Omer is the founder of the Social Excellence Forum (SEF), an Israeli organization aimed at educating Israeli teens about human rights and social responsibility. Students were trained to be the prosecutors and defenders of Rüdin in his trial.[6]

For the trial held in New York, a diverse group of 20-30 young leaders, ages 15-22 years, from several countries, studied for a year to interrogate the actions and responsibilities of Rüdin. The mock trial covered the subject of human rights violations, racism and discrimination, and the responsibility of leaders for the consequences of their incitement and actions.[7]

The trial’s decision was also vindicating for those who fought for decades to expose Rüdin and other Nazi psychiatrists’ crimes. They faced enormous opposition from the German psychiatry hierarchy who wanted these truths buried and waited seven decades to formally admit to this. 

Simon Wiesenthal (1908-2005), head of the Jewish Documentation Center in Vienna, a Holocaust survivor and internationally renowned Nazi-hunter, wrote to Citizens Commission on Human Rights in 1979 in support of its investigations, which began in 1972: “I do appreciate from my whole heart, (CCHR’s) plan to openly discuss and to be active against abuse of human rights by psychiatry…. It is important that these (abuses) are pointed out and all that is  possible needs to be done to stop these crimes.”

Wiesenthal, who also authored the book, The Murderers Among Us, noted that even the Schutzstaffel (SS), Hitler’s feared “protection” or security organization, looked up to psychiatrists as the most experienced professional killers.[8]

Rüdin was President of the German psychiatric association from 1935 to 1945 and director of the German Research Institute for Psychiatry.[9] He determined that genetically “defective” persons should never be able to procreate and helped draft Nazi Germany’s sterilization law enacted in 1934 to ensure this.[10] 

The legacy of his screening for so-called “defectives” to be sterilized and killed is still evident today. (Massive mental health screening exists in U.S. schools and data collected about the students follows them throughout their education, stigmatizing them.) In a letter to a colleague, Rüdin wrote: “It would be outstandingly important […] to investigate the question which children can be characterized in childhood as inferior and suitable for elimination with such clinical and genetic certainty that euthanasia could be recommended to their parents or legal guardians with complete confidence […] both in their own interest and that of the German nation.”[11]

Ernst Rüdin and Mental Health Screening—Gateway to Sterilization and Murder

Rüdin advocated systematic screening of populations over generations for “psychiatric” and physical diseases and defects.[12] [Eerily, in 2002, a US New Freedom Commission on Mental Health Report recommended that all 52 million American schoolchildren be “screened” for “mental illness,” claiming—without proof—that “early detection, assessment, and links with treatment” could “prevent mental health problems from worsening.”][13]

Under Germany’s 1934 Uniform Health System Act, health offices collected information from social workers, special education teachers, and health insurers and compiled assessments for compulsory sterilization. The project was to survey the biological heredity of the entire population.[14]

Rüdin, who had worked under eugenics psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926), adopted Kraepelin’s psychiatric nosology and was influenced by Kraepelin’s belief in a strong hereditary component to “mental disorders.”  The German Research Institute of Psychiatry (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Psychiatrie, DFA) in Munich, founded by Kraepelin in 1917 and later run by Rüdin, was among the Institutes that issued registration forms required for the sterilization of patients.[15]

• Healthy persons were identified as carriers of “recessive genes of schizophrenia” and other “mental disorders” (without any proof) and were deemed a severe threat to the collective racial health. Tribunals of two doctors and a lawyer decreed sterilization irrespective of the patient’s wishes. A person could appeal to a higher tribunal, but this was mostly unsuccessful in the thrust to “cleanse” the German hereditary stream as it flowed from generation to generation.[16]

• Homosexuals and persons rounded up as “a-social” were sterilized and castrated, particularly in concentration camps.[17]

• The Nazi slave labor force also underwent forced sterilization and abortion.[18]

• The method of sterilization was mainly surgical: males underwent vasectomy involving the cutting of sperm ducts. Castration was also performed. Female sterilization was more complex and had a higher rate of fatalities: the recommended method was to sever the oviducts or Fallopian tubes. From 1935 X-ray sterilizations were used for older women over the age of 35.[19]

It Was a Quick Jump from Sterilization to Killing

The classification system was refined under the conditions of Germany’s euthanasia program—going from sterilization to killing. According to the book Cleansing of the Fatherland: Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene, this system was retained uncritically in the postwar era.[20]

The selection phase for euthanasia began with doctors and midwives filling out a questionnaire reporting all newborn infants and young children under age 3, who showed signs of mental or physical abnormalities or handicaps. The program was expanded to include children under the age of 17.[21]

Families would not have suspected the ulterior motive for gathering information about citizens’ health. The U.S.-based group Alliance for Human Research Protection (AHRP) notes: “The questionnaire, couched in language using euphemisms to create the impression that the objective was a scientific survey to aid children with serious medical conditions, was essentially used as a death warrant.” Once a child was diagnosed and assigned for euthanasia, it was virtually impossible for a parent to intervene.[22]

Parents were told their children would receive advanced therapeutic interventions. “Those who resisted were pressured, coerced and threatened with loss of custody of their healthy children,” wrote AHRP. “The physicians in the killing wards did everything in their power to prevent parents from removing their children.”[23]

The parents of euthanized victims received an urn, along with a death certificate and other documentation, listing a fictitious cause and date of death of their child.[24]

        Put in human terms:

• Magdelene Maier-Leibnitz, a beautiful 22-year-old suffered from mood swings. She alternated between home, schools, and hospitals and in 1938 was admitted to a private clinic. The last medical report to her family dated 12 March 1941, read as follows: “There is nothing new to report about your daughter. She is still listless and lethargic.” She was transferred to Hadamar psychiatric killing hospital where she was murdered on 22 April 1941. However, the notification to her parents read: “We regret to inform you that your daughter […] who was recently transferred to our institution by ministerial order in accordance with the instructions of the Reich Defense Commissar, died unexpectedly on 8 May of a pulmonary hemorrhage caused by pulmonary tuberculosis. Pursuant to official orders […] the local police authorities […] ordered her remains to be immediately cremated and her personal effects disinfected.”[25]

• Theresa Kraus testified before the Hadamar trial in 1965 about her daughter, Erika. “I brought my daughter home. Three days later she started [saying], ‘Mummy, don’t take me back there.’ She wanted to leave Hadamar. Then she said, ‘Mummy, in the morning the people are alive and by the next morning they are dead.’ She said if she set eyes on Hadamar one more time, she would never see Frankfurt again. Again and again she begged, ‘Mummy, don’t take me back there again.’” But on 5 August 1944, the mother returned Erika. Several days later she received notice of her daughter’s death.[26]  

• Alexei S. was born on 28 March 1928 in the Soviet Union. No information in the Hadamar institution had details of his life or how he ended up being used for slave labor in Nazi Germany, at age 15.  He was committed to a Frankfurt, Germany mental hospital and from there taken to Eichberg state mental hospital. Under case notes dated 14 February 1944, it said, “Lies in his bed hiding under the blanket, does not understand German.” The notes in his file concerned exclusively whether he had the ability to work. It was determined he couldn’t and he was “diagnosed” with schizophrenia and transferred to Hadamar hospital. There, his notes claimed he contracted influenza with a high fever. Five days after his admission, the medical director recorded “Not recovering. Exitus [sic. death] due to influenza today.” “Alexei S. died completely alone; only government agencies were to be notified of his death. He was one of about 700 mentally or physically ill ‘Eastern workers’ who were murdered in Hadamar because no further economic value was expected of them.”[27]

Some parents didn’t receive death certificates, as Rüdin saw euthanasia as a research opportunity for genetic studies. This included studies of “idiocy” at the Heidelberg Psychiatric Institute where children were exhaustively studied.[28]

• Twenty-one “idiot” children were murdered at Eichberg psychiatric asylum to obtain their brains for research. The brains were kept until 12 January 1989 and removed from a research facility only because of public outrage.[29]

• The Vienna psychiatric hospital of Steinhof killed 789 children retaining brain tissues for research.[30] 

• Julius Hallervorden, head of neuropathology of the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research—one of the world’s preeminent psychiatric research centers. He then seized the opportunity of using the brains of murdered psychiatric patients at Brandenburg institution, stating:

• “I heard they were going to do that and so I went up to them: ‘Look here now, boys, if you are going to kill all these people at least take the brains out so that the material can be utilized’…. There was wonderful material among these brains, beautiful mental defectives…. They asked me: ‘How many can you examine?’ and so I told them an unlimited number—the more the better. They came bringing them in like the delivery van from the furniture company. The Public Ambulance Society brought the brains in batches of 150–250 at a time. Where these brains came from and how they came to me was really none of my business.”[31] 

Hallervorden was never brought to justice. On the contrary, after the war, he held a neurological research position at the Max Planck Institute in Berlin. At the Brain Research Institute in Frankfurt, Hallervorden’s collection of brains from the euthanasia program was used for research purposes until 1990, when—due to public outrage—they were buried in a Munich cemetery.[32]

Ernst Rüdin and His Influence on U.S. Sterilization Laws

Some claim Rüdin drew his ideas for sterilization on the “scientific” rationalization for sterilization in the U.S. which had legally started in 1907.[33] However, Rüdin had been infatuated with sterilization for years. Born in Switzerland, and holding both Swiss and German citizenship, Rüdin was active early on in the international arena in eugenics, developed by British psychologist Frances Galton in 1883. Eugenics (meaning “good stock”) was aimed at preventing “less desirable” humans from procreating and especially targeted the poor and the “unproductive.”[34]

• In actuality, as early as 1903, Rüdin called for the sterilization of chronic alcoholics, which one historian said: “marked the beginning of a life-long crusade for sterilization of the degenerate.”[35] This was four years before the U.S. passed its first sterilization law.[36]

• Rüdin co-founded the German Society for Racial Hygiene.[37]

• He co-authored a study, Fortpflanzung, Vererbung, Rassenhygiene (Procreation, Transmission, Racial Hygiene), in which he argued: “All nations have to haul around with them an extraordinary large number of inferiors, weaklings, sickly and cripples…. The demand for the organization of systematic data is the next item that racial hygiene has to put on the state administration.”[38]

• Rüdin found a willing audience for his depraved ideas at the First International Congress for Mental Hygiene held in Washington, D.C. The U.S. Mental Health Association—today called Mental Health America—hosted the Congress of 3,000 individuals from 41 countries.[39] Rüdin told a captivated audience about “The Significance of Eugenics and Genetics for Mental Hygiene” and the “right to combat the enormous number of the hereditarily diseased, inside and outside of insane asylums, by the feebleminded, the paupers, the neglected, those criminally inclined through heredity, the chronic drunkards and the psychopaths.”[40]

Heading the list of “defects” was what U.S. psychiatrists later defined as “attentional deficits,” as in attention deficit disorder (ADD) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Organized psychiatry had parents, teachers, and “support groups” searching for children with these deficits—a precise goal of the eugenics movement.[41]

• The U.S. Eugenical News declared: “Germany is the first of the world’s major nations to enact a modern eugenical sterilization law for the nation as a unit….Doubtless, the legislative and court history of the experimental sterilization laws in 27 states of the American union provided the experience, which Germany used in writing her new national sterilization statute.”[42]

• Rüdin’s ideas were well in progress at the beginning of the 20^th Century, for which Hitler became a fervent advocate. In 1934, Rüdin credited Hitler with enabling the dream of racial hygiene: “…only through the political work of Adolf Hitler…has our more than 30-year-old dream become  reality: to be able to put race hygiene into action.” Hitler, in turn, awarded Rüdin the “Adlerschild des Deutschen Reiches” medal (Eagle Shield of the German Reich) bearing the Nazi eagle. Rüdin was praised for being a “pathfinder in the field of hereditary hygiene.”[43]

Rüdin may have been guided by the language in U.S. law but he took sterilization a giant step further. In 2010, Prof. Frank Schneider, the president of the German Association of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology admitted, Germany’s law on forced sterilization was positioned as “‘protecting future generations.’ This is a truly perverse view that offsets one person’s pain and suffering against another’s well-being.”[44] Rüdin supported the killing of children and mental patients under the euthanasia program.[45]

The Cover-Up & Backlash Against CCHR, a Messenger

For 70 years, the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology covered up psychiatrists’ pivotal role in the euthanasia program that killed millions. They formally admitted to this in 1999 and again on November 26, 2010, when Prof. Schneider stood before about 3,000 psychiatrists and admitted that psychiatrists founded euthanasia and decided who would be killed.

Those attending rose for a minute’s silence in the great hall of the International Congress Centrum in Berlin after Prof. Schneider asked them to remember those who had died under psychiatric hands during the Holocaust.[46]

But such honesty did not exist in 1995 when the CCHR book, Psychiatrists: The Men Behind Hitler was published. Since 1972, CCHR Germany had researched the Holocaust archives and studies, culminating in the book. But in 1995, the then president of the German psychiatric association, Prof. Wolfgang Gaebel, wrote to Germany’s Minister of Interior—similar to the head of Homeland Security in the United States—unsuccessfully demanding that the book be banned as subversive along with CCHR’s human rights activities. The book exposed Rüdin and many other German psychiatrists who murdered in the name of social policy and racial hygiene.

Four years after CCHR’s book was published, in 1999, the German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology published its first report titled In Memoriam with the very damning admission that Nazi psychiatrists had not only “observed and controlled the selection of those to be killed” in the concentration camps—but had also “laid the scientific foundations of the euthanasia.”[47] 

That included the work of Rüdin.

Significantly, the judges in this mock trial held 71 years after Rüdin’s death found him guilty of joining a criminal organization, namely Germany’s psychiatric association.

The entire Nazi regime was built on a biomedical vision that required the kind of racial purification that would progress from sterilization to extensive killing.”[48] Even Prof. Schneider declared that psychiatrists under National Socialism had forced patients, “to be sterilized, arranged their deaths and even performed killings themselves.” Additionally, “psychiatrists and representatives of psychiatric associations repeatedly disregarded and heinously reinterpreted their professional duty to treat and care for their patients…psychiatrists abused and killed vast numbers of people.”[49]

In 2019, a journalist writing in New Europe noted Rüdin “belonged to the group of psychiatric perpetrators who not only worked to give Nazi science a façade of legitimacy and authority but also provided Hitler’s henchmen with the tools to implement the sadistic policies. His contribution to the Nazi Racial Health initiatives, which eventually led to the mass extermination of millions of Jews in the Holocaust, cannot be overrated.”[50]

In 2018, Israeli students held the first mock trial of Rüdin’s crimes. The case went before a tribunal of five former judges from the Israeli Supreme Court, the Supreme Court of Scotland, the U.S. Federal Court, the European Court of Human Rights, and the International Criminal Tribunal.[51]

They, too, found him guilty.

In his concluding judgment, Prof. Shimon Shetreet, Professor of Law at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, said: “Unfortunately, the defendant, Rüdin, was not brought to trial together with the other war criminals at Nuremberg in 1945.” If Rüdin had been prosecuted in Israel under Israeli law, “he would have been convicted of the same charges.”[52]

Many psychiatrists involved in the selection and killing of mental patients—and later inmates of concentration camps—never had to face the post-war international criminal courts, despite their documented participation in war crimes.

With psychiatry’s pivotal role in the Holocaust buried for so long, historian Muller-Hill noted: “Almost no one stopped to think that something could be wrong with psychiatry, with anthropology, or with behavioral science. The international scientific establishment reassured their German colleagues that it had indeed been the unpardonable misconduct of a few individuals, but that it lay outside the scope of science. The pattern of German anthropology, psychiatry, and behavioral science continued essentially unchanged, and it will continue so, unless a substantial number of scientists begin to have doubts and to ask questions.”[53]

Few asked those important questions. And continue not to ask despite evidence of eugenical influence remaining in mental health care. As such, eugenical and biological psychiatry’s concept that medical murder was not “wrong” continued to pervade the “mental health” system. And sterilization and “mental health screening” became part of the modus operandi in psychiatric practice.

Contemporary Sterilization and Euthanasia

When Rüdin addressed the 1930 International Congress for Mental Hygiene in Washington, D.C., put on by Mental Health America, as it is now known, he called on parents to look for eugenical deficits in children.

In Germany, the entire population was to be screened and registered by “hereditary value.”[54]

In 2016, the German Association of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Neurology admitted: “Long before 1933, statistics and family trees of sick or disabled persons were used as graphic evidence that ‘inferior’ persons reproduced more rapidly than the ‘healthy.’ Society would eventually collapse under the weight of those with ‘hereditary defects.’ The ‘hereditary illnesses’ in question were usually ‘mental illness’ or ‘mental deficiency,’” citing “inheritance and racial hygiene.”[55]

Today, in six of the eight countries—Belgium Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Columbia, Canada, Victoria in Australia, and 9 states in the U.S.—where euthanasia/physician-assisted suicide (EAS) is legal—mental disorders are accepted as disorders for which medical killing may be granted.[56]

These are individuals who do not have incurable physical illnesses but mental disorders, subjectively determined by psychiatric opinion—not medical or scientific tests—and whose treatments have abysmally failed them.  Legal euthanasia obscures those failures.

The National Review reported that in the Netherlands, where contemporary euthanasia was spearheaded, “those suffering from psychiatric problems could be put down like unwanted pets” and are being eliminated when they “have no diagnosed medical condition whatsoever….”[57] Author and consumer activist Wesley J. Smith said Dutch medical ethics had jumped “off a vertical moral cliff.”[58]

Astoundingly, people can be involuntarily euthanized. In 45% of cases involving hospitalized patients in the Netherlands who were involuntarily euthanized, the patients’ families had no knowledge that their loved ones’ lives were deliberately terminated by doctors—an ominous throwback to Nazi Germany.[59] The most frequently cited reasons given for ending the lives of patients without their knowledge or consent are: “low quality of life,” “no prospect for improvement,” and “the family couldn’t take it anymore.”

How psychiatrists can get it so wrong in determining euthanasia is evident in this report:

A Netherlands case reported in the BMJ was that of a 68-year-old patient diagnosed with “bipolar I disorder,” with a request for euthanasia because of “tiredness, repeated falls and racing thoughts” (which can be a side effect of psychiatric drugs prescribed). Persisting in her wish, her family and psychiatrist became convinced of the need for euthanasia. But in receiving a second opinion, the woman agreed to discontinue psychotropic drugs. Her mobility and tiredness improved and she recovered meaning in her life.[60]

Contemporary Eugenics in Mental Health Screening

In Nazi Germany, children were subjected to mental health screening, sterilized, and murdered. Today, children are subject to mental health screening in our schools, labeled and predisposed to being prescribed debilitating and potentially lethal psychiatric drugs.

Mental Health America, which, to point out again, boasts of putting on the First International Congress on Mental Hygiene in 1930, at which Ernst Rüdin spoke, provides mental health screenings for schools claiming it is “one of the best ways to catch mental health problems when and where they are likeliest to arise.[61] The group’s website says: “We have screens for depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), postpartum depression, alcohol and substance use, and early psychosis. We also have more comprehensive screens for youth and parents.”[62]

School-based screening for the early identification of children at risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) broadly exists.[63] (Remember, this was one of the “eugenic deficits” that Rüdin called on parents and teachers to root out in 1930.)

Astoundingly, in 2015, a study reported that while some would strip Rüdin entirely of his rank as a scientist; others credit him with the establishment of modern psychiatric human genetics through the development of the “empirical heredity prognosis” and “Appeals to discontinue citing Rüdin’s scientific work have been put forward.”

It should not even be subject to question. The “mock trial” judgments should put the argument to rest. Rüdin was a criminal. His research supported his criminal mind and actions as part of a criminal profession.

The fact is the lesson from Rüdin’s crimes has not been learned. Malevolence is being approved as euthanasia, camouflaging psychiatry’s failed treatments. It is spiraling out of control as patients—like the feebleminded of yesteryear—are being killed for problems psychiatrists have for more than 200 years purported to be able to help or cure but, in fact, have not, cannot and their “Final Solution” for the so-called “mentally ill” is passed off as “assisted suicide.”

Children are being stigmatized with psychiatric labels and put in harm’s way with population screening and referrals through our schools for mental health “treatment.” A “mock trial” into psychiatry’s contemporary crimes and failures would be warranted and fitting.

CCHR thanks and applauds the students, the Social Excellence Forum (SEF), attorney Avi Omer and the judges in both mock trials of Rüdin for prevailing and ensuring the truth has been exposed and a long-overdue conviction recorded.

It also thanks its staff and members of CCHR Germany for their unrelenting pursuit of the truth about Nazi psychiatry’s role in the Holocaust, for the book, Psychiatrists: The Men Behind Hitler, and for their compelling documentary about this issue: Age of Fear. Their courage amid oppressive acts to silence them is an inspiration.

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[1] “The students preparing to put a Nazi eugenicist on trial,” The Jewish Chronicle, 16 July 2018, https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/the-students-preparing-to-put-a-nazi-eugenicist-ernst-rudin-on-trial-1.467236; https://www.dgppn.de/en/Core-areas/psychiatry-in-time-of-National-Socialism/travelling-exhibition.html

[2] https://psychnews.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/appi.pn.2015.7a6

[3] Martin Banks, “Nazi eugenicist’s mock trial serves as a model for future human rights lawyers,” New Europe, 26 Feb. 2019, https://www.neweurope.eu/article/nazi-eugenicists-mock-trial-serves-as-a-model-for-future-human-rights-lawyers/

[4] “International Mock Trial on Human Rights,” United Nations Outreach Program on the Holocaust,” 31 Jan. 2023, https://www.un.org/en/outreach-programme-holocaust/31-january-2023-international-mock-trial-human-rights

[5] “The students preparing to put a Nazi eugenicist on trial,” The Jewish Chronicle, 16 July 2018, https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/the-students-preparing-to-put-a-nazi-eugenicist-ernst-rudin-on-trial-1.467236

[6] “The students preparing to put a Nazi eugenicist on trial,” The Jewish Chronicle, 16 July 2018, https://www.thejc.com/news/israel/the-students-preparing-to-put-a-nazi-eugenicist-ernst-rudin-on-trial-1.467236

[7] “International Mock Trial on Human Rights,” United Nations Outreach Program on the Holocaust,” 31 Jan. 2023, https://www.un.org/en/outreach-programme-holocaust/31-january-2023-international-mock-trial-human-rights

[8] https://www.freedommag.org/english/vol27i5/page05.htm

[9] Frank Schneider, “Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 30 Sept. 2011, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1

[10] Robert Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany, (Bonanza Books, New York, 1982). p. 260; Ernst Rüdin Archiv für Rassen-und Gesellschaftsbiologie (Munich, Germany, 1938), p. 18

[11] Registered, persecuted, annihilated: The Sick and the Disabled under National Socialism, German Association for Psychiatrists, Psychotherapists and Neurologists, (Springer Medizen, 2014) p. 52

[12] Paul Weindling, “Nazi Sterilization,” Eugenics Archives,

http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/535eed207095aa0000000243

[13] https://www.cchr.org/cchr-reports/harming-youth/introduction.html; https://govinfo.library.unt.edu/mentalhealthcommission/reports/FinalReport/FullReport.htm

[14] DGPPN, “registered, persecuted, annihilated, The Sick and Disabled Under National Socialism,” 2014, p. 44

[15] Gundula Kösters,et. al., “Ernst Rüdin’s Unpublished 1922-1925 Study ‘Inheritance of Manic-Depressive Insanity’: Genetic Research Findings Subordinated to Eugenic Ideology,” PLoS Genet., 6 Nov. 2015, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636330/

[16] Paul Weindling, “Nazi Sterilization,” Eugenics Archives, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/535eed207095aa0000000243

[17] Paul Weindling, “Nazi Sterilization,” Eugenics Archives, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/535eed207095aa0000000243

[18] Paul Weindling, “Nazi Sterilization,” Eugenics Archives, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/535eed207095aa0000000243

[19] Paul Weindling, “Nazi Sterilization,” Eugenics Archives, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/535eed207095aa0000000243

[20] Gotz Aly, Peter Chroust and Christian Pross, Cleansing of the Fatherland, Nazi Medicine and Racial Hygiene, (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 192

[21] “1939–1945: Medicalized Mass Murder, Children first,” Alliance for Human Research Protection, 18 Nov. 2014, https://ahrp.org/1939-1945-medicalized-murder/

[22] “1939–1945: Medicalized Mass Murder, Children first,” Alliance for Human Research Protection, 18 Nov. 2014, https://ahrp.org/1939-1945-medicalized-murder/

[23] “1939–1945: Medicalized Mass Murder, Children first,” Alliance for Human Research Protection, 18 Nov. 2014, https://ahrp.org/1939-1945-medicalized-murder/

[24] “Euthanasia Program Aktion T4, U.S. Holocaust, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/euthanasia-program

[25] DGPPN, “registered, persecuted, annihilated, The Sick and Disabled Under National Socialism,” 2014, pp. 92-99

[26] DGPPN, “registered, persecuted, annihilated, The Sick and Disabled Under National Socialism,” 2014, p. 154

[27] DGPPN, “registered, persecuted, annihilated, The Sick and Disabled Under National Socialism,” 2014, pp. 162-165

[28] Paul Weindling, “Nazi Sterilization,” Eugenics Archives, http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/tree/535eed207095aa0000000243

[29] Paul Weindling, “Painful and sometimes deadly experiments which Nazi doctors carried out on children,” Acta Pediatrica, 24 Feb. 2022, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apa.16310

[30] Paul Weindling, “Painful and sometimes deadly experiments which Nazi doctors carried out on children,” Acta Pediatrica, 24 Feb. 2022, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/apa.16310

[31] “1939–1945: Medicalized Mass Murder, Children first,” Alliance for Human Research Protection, 18 Nov. 2014, https://ahrp.org/1939-1945-medicalized-murder/; Harmut Hanauske-Abel. Not a Slippery Slope or Sudden Subversion: German Medicine and National Socialism in 1933, BMJ, 1996

[32] “Physician and Scientist Profiles,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/deadly-medicine/profiles/

[33] https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/nazi-persecution-of-the-mentally-and-physically-disabled

[34] https://www.spuc.org.uk/News/ID/382553/Sir-Francis-Galton-The-father-of-Eugenics-Blog-archive; https://journals.openedition.org/rhei/3908; https://www.etymonline.com/word/eugenics; https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Biography-of-Ernst-Ruedin_fig7_283544372;

[35] Jay Joseph, PsyD, “Ernst Rüdin: The Founding Father of Psychiatric Genetics,” Mad in America, 19 Oct. 2015, https://www.madinamerica.com/2015/10/ernst-rudin-the-founding-father-of-psychiatric-genetics/ citing Weber, M. M., (1996), Ernst Rüdin, 1874-1952, American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 67, 323-331, p. 329, p. 325

[36] https://www.in.gov/history/state-historical-markers/find-a-marker/1907-indiana-eugenics-law

[37] Volker Roelcke “The twofold politics of psychiatry: Ernst Rüdin and the German delegation at the International Congress of Child Psychiatry in Paris, 1937,” Open Edition Journal, 2016, https://journals.openedition.org/rhei/3908

[38] Psychiatrists: The Men Behind Hitler, http://infoaboutpsychiatry.blogspot.com/2007/02/eugenics-behind-holocaust.html?m=0

[39] https://www.mhanational.org/node/9443

[40] Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene, Medicine Under the Nazis, (Harvard University Press, 1988), p. 180

[41] https://www.cchr.org/documentaries/age-of-fear/creating-the-holocaust.html

[42] https://www.cchr.org/documentaries/age-of-fear/creating-the-holocaust.html

[43] Jay Joseph, PsyD, “Ernst Rüdin: The Founding Father of Psychiatric Genetics,” Mad in America, 19 Oct. 2015, https://www.madinamerica.com/2015/10/ernst-rudin-the-founding-father-of-psychiatric-genetics/ citing: Weinreich, M., (1946), Hitler’s Professors, New York: Yiddish Scientific Institute—Yivo

[44] Frank Schneider, “Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 30 Sept. 2011, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1

[45] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180223/

[46] F. Schneider (ed), “Psychiatry under National Socialism – Remembrance and Responsibility,” GMS Z Med Ausbild, 8 Aug. 2012, published online, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420113/

[47] “In Memoriam,” German Assoc. for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (DGPPN), 1999

[48] The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, (Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York, 1986), p. 24

[49] “Psychiatry under National Socialism – Remembrance and Responsibility,” Speech by Prof. Frank Schneider, Nov. 2020, https://www.dgppn.de/en/Core-areas/psychiatry-in-time-of-National-Socialism/speech-schneider.html#0; Frank Schneider, M.D., “Psychiatry under National Socialism: Remembrance and Responsibility,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, Volume 261, Article number: 111 (2011), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00406-011-0243-1; “Registered, persecuted, annihilated: the sick and the disabled under National Socialism,” DGPPN, https://www.dgppn.de/en/Core-areas/psychiatry-in-time-of-National-Socialism/travelling-exhibition.html; https://www.dgppn.de/en/Core-areas/psychiatry-in-time-of-National-Socialism/stations-of-the-exhibition-1.html

[50] Martin Banks, “Nazi eugenicist’s mock trial serves as a model for future human rights lawyers,” New Europe, 26 Feb. 2019, https://www.neweurope.eu/article/nazi-eugenicists-mock-trial-serves-as-a-model-for-future-human-rights-lawyers/

[51] Martin Banks, “Nazi eugenicist’s mock trial serves as a model for future human rights lawyers,” New Europe, 26 Feb. 2019, https://www.neweurope.eu/article/nazi-eugenicists-mock-trial-serves-as-a-model-for-future-human-rights-lawyers/

[52] Martin Banks, “Nazi eugenicist’s mock trial serves as a model for future human rights lawyers,” New Europe, 26 Feb. 2019, https://www.neweurope.eu/article/nazi-eugenicists-mock-trial-serves-as-a-model-for-future-human-rights-lawyers/

[53] https://www.cchr.org/documentaries/age-of-fear/creating-the-holocaust.html

[54] Registered, persecuted, annihilated: the sick and the disabled under National Socialism,” DGPPN (Springer), Exhibition Catalogue, p. 43

[55] Registered, persecuted, annihilated: the sick and the disabled under National Socialism,” DGPPN (Springer), Exhibition Catalogue, p. 36

[56] Lars Mehlum, et al., “Euthanasia and assisted suicide in patients with personality disorders: a review of current practice and challenges,” BMC, 30 July 2020, https://bpded.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40479-020-00131-9

[57] Psychiatry and Assisted Suicide, National Review, 28 May 2016, http://www.cchrstl.org/wordpress/2016/04/10/psychiatry-and-assisted-suicide/

[58] Wesley J. Smith, “Psychiatric Patients Euthanized in the Netherlands,” National Review, 27 Sept. 2012, https://www.nationalreview.com/human-exceptionalism/psychiatric-patients-euthanized-netherlands-wesley-j-smith/

[59] “Background and Euthanasia in the Netherlands,” Patients Rights Council, https://www.patientsrightscouncil.org/site/holland-background/

[60] https://www.cchrint.org/2021/08/23/cchr-condemns-legalized-euthanasia-of-mental-health-patients/; Olga Schmahl, et al., “Case report: Request for euthanasia by a psychiatric patient with undetected intellectual disability,” BMJ, Vol 14, Issue 8, 2020, https://casereports.bmj.com/content/14/8/e239862

[61] https://screening.mhanational.org/mental-health-screening-in-schools/; https://screening.mhanational.org/about-our-mental-health-tests/

[62] https://screening.mhanational.org/mental-health-screening-in-schools/; https://screening.mhanational.org/about-our-mental-health-tests/

[63] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5019564/